Krinjal Jariya

  ASTRONOMY  Astronomy is defined as the study of the objects that lie beyond our planet Earth and the processes by which these objects interact with one another. We will see, though, that it is much more. It is also humanity's attempt to organize what we learn into a clear history of the universe, from the instant of its birth in the Big Bang to the present moment. In considering the history of the universe, we will see again and again that the cosmos evolves; it changes in profound ways over long periods of time. For example, the universe made the carbon, the calcium, and the oxygen necessary to construct something as interesting and complicated as you. Today, many billions of years later, the universe has evolved into a more hospitable place for life. Tracing the evolutionary processes that continue to shape the universe is one of the most important (and satisfying) parts of modern astronomy. The ultimate judge in science is always what nature itself reveals based on observation

 EXPLORING THE MOLECULAR WORLD In the twenty-first century, even more than in the twentieth, it's easy to make things work without understanding them, but to a newcomer much of the technology seems like magic, which is dissatisfying. After a few days, you want to understand what nanotechnology is, on a gut level. Back in the late twentieth century, most teaching used dry words and simple pictures, but now- for a topic like this-it's easier to explore a simulated world. And so you decide to explore a simulation of the molecular world. Looking through the brochure, you read many tedious facts about the simulation: how accurate it is in describing sizes, forces, motions, and the like; how similar it is to working tools used by both engineering students and professionals; how you can buy one for your very own home, and so forth. It explains how you can tour the human body, see state-of-the-art nanotechnology in action, climb a bacterium, etc. For starters, you decide to take an int

  NANOMACHINES At your feet is a ribbed, ringed cylindrical object about the size of a soup can-not a messy, loosely folded strand like the protein (before it fell apart), but a solid piece of modern nanotechnology. In the gear, everything is held in place by bonds as strong as those that strung together the beads of the protein chain. It can't unfold, and you'd have to cheat again to break its perfect symmetry. Like those in the wall of the nanocomputer, its solidly attached atom vibrate only slightly. There's another gear nearby, so you fit them together and make the atomic teeth mesh, with bumps on one fitting into hollows on the other. They stick together, and the soft, slick atomic surfaces let them roll smoothly. Underfoot is the nanocomputer itself, a huge mechanism built in the same rigid style. Climbing down from it, you can see through the transparent layers of the wall to watch the inner works. An electric motor an arm-span wide spins inside, turning a crank that

  Genetic Analysis Since the publication of DNA's double helical structure by Watson and Crick, electrophoresis has been a standard among the analytical tools used in modern biochemistry. CE's automation and quantitation capabilities made it a natural successor to replace the slab-gel format for genetic analysis. By introducing replaceable physical gels (polymers in solution) into a capillary, a molecular sieve is created that readily resolves molecules of DNA and RNA by size. The automation capability of this format has enabled significant advances in genetic analysis, accelerating the discovery of new genomic information.  The Beckman Coulter CEQ 8000 and 8800 are fully automated genetic analysis systems that employ an array of coated capillaries, novel infrared dyes, an optimized linear polyacrylamide gel (LPA) and comprehensive informatics to fully automate the processes of DNA sequencing and genotyping. Plate bar coding and linkage to Beckman Coulter's Biomek liquid ha

 Interest of the Computer Industry The attraction of molecular manufacturing for the computer industry should be clear. It should let us make computers at a manufacturing cost of less than a dollar per pound, operating at frequencies of tens of gigahertz or more, with linear dimensions for a single device of roughly 10 nanometers, high reliability, and energy dissipation (using conventional methods) of roughly 10^-18 joules per logic operation. If we make thermodynamically reversible computers (which the author and others have recently shown can be made from conventional electronic devices, e.g., CMOS) then the energy dissipation per logic operation can be reduced to well below kT at T = 300 Kelvins (well below 10^-21 joules). The computer industry is spending billions of dollars to make better computers. It is widely acknowledged within the industry that lithography is approaching its limits. Articles like The Future of the Transistor, Miniaturization of Electronics and its Limits and

 LIQUID  CHROMATOGRAPHY Liquid chromatography has been used in an extremely wide range of analytical methods and it is impossible to give a comprehensive set of examples that would illustrate its wide applicability. The following are a few LC analyses that may indicate the scope of the technique and give the reader some idea of its importance and versatility. An example of the use of reversed phase chromatography (employing a C8 column) for the separation of some benzodiazepines. The column used was 25 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter packed with silica based, C8 reverse phase packing particle size 5 m. The mobile phase consisted of 26.5% v/v of methanol, 16.5% v/v acetonitrile and 57.05v/v of 0.1M ammonium acetate adjusted to a pH of 6.0 with glacial acetic acid and the flow-rate was 2 ml/min. The column efficiency available at the optimum velocity would be about 15,000 theoretical plates. The retention time of the last peak is about 12 minutes (ie., a retention volume of 24 ml). At a flow

 ION  CHROMATOGRAPHY Ion Chromatography can be used in a number of novel ways and employing the appropriate conditions can even be used to separate mixtures where the components are not ionic or do not normally produce interactive ions in aqueous solution. An example of this type of separation is the analysis of saccharide mixtures using ion exchange interactions. An illustration of such a separation is given. The saccharine are reacted with a borate with which saccharides readily forms complex anions. The procedure for making the complex is simply and is achieve by merely including a borate buffer in the mobile phase.  The column packing was a strong anion exchange resin designated as TSKgel Sugar AXG. It had a particle diameter of 10 m and contained quaternary ammonium ions as the ion exchange moiety. The column was 15 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter and had a potential efficiency of about 7,500 theoretical plates. The mobile phase consisted of three borate buffer solutions which were us

NANOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled in atomic detail. The nanoscale is the size range from approximately 1nm to 100nm. At this size range, the laws of physics operate in unfamiliar ways, and it is this that determines both the constraints and the opportunities of nanotechnologies and nanoscience. The potential opportunities associated with nanotechnologies have led to significant investment by governmental institutions, public research centres, universities and firms throughout the world. Nanotechnologies encompass the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems. Horizon 3 forecasts promise widespread applications of nanotechnology as an enabli

  NANO CORROSION The process of corrosion however is a complex electro chemical reaction and it takes many forms. Corrosion may produce general attach over a large metal surface or it may result in pinpoint penetration of metal. Corrosion is a relevant problem caused by water in boilers. Corrosion can be of widely varying origin and nature due to the action of dissolved oxygen, to corrosion currents set up as a result of heterogeneities on metal surfaces, or to the iron being directly attacked by the water. While basic corrosion in boilers may be primarily due to reaction of the metal with oxygen, other factors such as stresses, acid conditions, and specific chemical corrodents may have an important influence and produce different forms of attack. It is necessary to consider the quantity of the various harmful substances that can be allowed in the boiler water without risk of damage to the boiler. Corrosion may occur in the feed-water system as a result of low pH water and the presence

  NATURAL  CONCEPT  Water is found in three different forms - liquid, solid or gas, depending on the temperature but it constantly changes from one form to another. Changes in temperature will determine which of these forms predominates in a particular area. Water is usually encountered in the liquid state, because this is its natural state when temperatures are between 0° C and 100° C. 'Fresh' or drinking water is found as groundwater in underground aquifers, and on the surface in ponds, lakes, and rivers. Seas and oceans account for 97% of all water on Earth; but their waters contain dissolved salts and are therefore unfit to drink. In regions of young volcanic activity, hot water emerges from the earth in hot springs (examples are Garampani in Assam and Badrinath in Uttaranchal). How does this phenomenon occur? Surface water percolates downward through the rocks below the Earth's surface to high-temperature regions surrounding a magma reservoir, either active, or recentl

  Know how beneficial  flaxseed is for  health Benefits of Flaxseed: • Linseed provides energy to the body. • Increases the activity of anti-cancer hormones. • Reduces blood sugar and cholesterol levels. • Relieves joint pain. • Reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. • Controls high blood pressure. • Keeps skin healthy and prevents eczema etc. by removing dryness. • It increases good cholesterol and lowers bad cholesterol in the body. Consumption of linseed according to the disease: • Making a powder of linseed seeds and drinking its tea is beneficial in cough. Consume it two or three times a day. • Soak one teaspoon of linseed powder in half a glass of water for 12 hours. Consume it twice a day. Strain it before drinking. • A diabetic patient should eat 25 grams of linseed. They should mix PC linseed with flour and make roti and eat it. • Cancer patients should mix 3 teaspoons of linseed oil with paneer and mix it with dry fruits. • Drink plenty of water while consuming flaxseed

  These 5 medicines  relieve gum pain  and swelling  immediately 1. Clove oil contains crinoline which is an antioxidant, so clove oil helps in reducing the pain and swelling of the gums. How to use: Mix 2-3 small black pepper powders in clove oil and apply on the gums. You can do this remedy 2-3 times a day. 2. Turmeric contains curcumin, which is an antioxidant and also has anti-inflammatory properties. That is why it reduces the swelling of gums. How to use: Mix one-fourth teaspoon of turmeric powder and apply it on the gums and rub it after 5 minutes. Do this twice a day. 3. The recipe using acacia bark is very old. To adopt this remedy, boil the bark of acacia tree in water and use it as mouthwash. Using this mouthwash three times a day will provide relief from swollen gums. 4. Ginger is a very old remedy to avoid mouth infection. This provides relief from swelling of gums and protects against bacteria in the mouth. 5. Mustard oil is very helpful in reducing the pain and swelling

  These methods  provide instant  relief from sinus 1. Including soups in your diet or drinking warm water during the day can help deal with sinus. Warm fluids break up mucus and reduce congestion. Children and adults who have acid reflux produce too much mucus. In such situations, hot liquids are very helpful. 2. Prepare a mixture of 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar, a 1-inch piece of ginger, a few lemon drops, 1 teaspoon of turmeric and a pinch of black pepper. Mash ginger with 1 tsp turmeric, 1 or 2 black pepper corns, 3-4 mashed garlic cloves (or less) and boil in water. Now add apple cider vinegar to it and sweeten it with 1 teaspoon honey. To deal with sinus, drink this drink in warm state once or twice a day, you will get a lot of relief. 3. Steaming is a great way to deal with sinus. Take a bowl of warm water, add a drop or two of peppermint or eucalyptus essential oil and 1 teaspoon turmeric (optional). For instant sinus relief, place a towel over your head and breathe slow

  Along with providing  nutrients,  pomegranate also  protects from these  diseases. 1. Pomegranate contains punicic acid which potentially lowers your blood pressure. 2. Its high fiber content helps in reducing your appetite and feeling full for a longer period. It also helps you in losing weight. 3. Its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties can help you fight infections efficiently. Due to which your teeth get a lot of protection. 4. If its juice is consumed regularly, the skin remains glowing. Besides, it also protects the skin from the problem of wrinkles. 5. This fruit is also very good for the brain. Its consumption also reduces the risk of diseases like Alzheimer's. 6. Rich in Vitamin C and anti-oxidant elements, this fruit strengthens the immune system of our body. Due to abundance of anti-oxidant elements, it stops bad cholesterol from increasing in the initial stages. 7. It also contains folic acid, which reduces the risk of high blood pressure and anemia. Consumption

  Natural home  remedies to  overcome calcium  deficiency  1. Milk is the best source of calcium. Take a cup of hot milk and add one spoon of roasted sesame powder in it. Mix it well and drink. Drinking this three times a day will give good result. 2. Antioxidant properties are found in Amla. Calcium is found in abundance in Amla which increases the immunity of the body. It can also be eaten as a fruit or consumed by boiling it in water. 3. Sesame seeds are a good remedy to overcome calcium deficiency. About 88 mg in one tablespoon. Contains calcium. It can be ground and consumed as a powder or mixed into soups, cereals or salads. 4. Boil a glass of water and add one teaspoon cumin seeds to it. Mix it well after it cools down. Drink this water at least twice a day. This will remove calcium deficiency in the body. 5. Boil a glass of water. Add 1-2 pieces of ginger in it and boil for some time. Filter it and add honey as per your taste to make it taste good. 6. Ashwagandha is an ancient

  Benefits of drinking  water 1. Due to hectic life and irregular diet, the problem of increasing fat has become common among people nowadays. Also, it is very difficult for those who are busy in the office rush to lose fat. In this case, water is the best remedy for this. Drinking water before going to bed helps in reducing the body's calories in a natural way. 2. If you watch the diet of any celebrity, you will find the habit of drinking a lot of water. Every celebrity drinks around 10 to 12 glasses of water a day or even more. Because of which his face always glows like a rose. Drink more water if you want too. It hydrates the skin, giving it a glow. 3. Sleep problems have also become common among people these days due to stress and rush. Earlier this problem was seen in elderly people. But today the youth are also victims of lack of sleep. Drinking water balances hormones and energy levels as well as relaxes muscles and joints. Which makes sleep very good. 4. If you are also a

  Cloves are beneficial  in the treatment of  many diseases 1. Cloves can be used for any type of skin problem. Applying a paste of cloves along with sandalwood is beneficial in case of skin diseases. 2. Grind and add two cloves in a cup of boiling water when there is gas in the stomach. After that drink the water after it cools down. 3. Rub two to three cloves in lemon juice when you have toothache, you will get relief from toothache. 4. Chewing lightly roasted cloves removes bad breath. 5. Chewing cloves is beneficial for mouth sores. 6. Grinding cloves and eating them with warm water cures cold and fever.p 7. Massage of cloves with mustard oil relieves pain in the neck or swelling in the throat. Benefits of drinking water